VOC气体

　　VOC gas

　　在石油化工、印刷、人造革及电子元器件、烤漆和医药等化工领域，挥发性的有机化合物，简称为VOC(Volatile Organic Compounds))，通常作为溶剂来使用。这些有机溶剂如果挥发到大气环境中，不仅会对大气环境造成严重污染，而且人体呼入被污染的气体后，对人体健康产生危害。

　　In the fields of petrochemicals, printing, artificial leather and electronic components, baking paint, and pharmaceuticals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are commonly used as solvents. If these organic solvents evaporate into the atmospheric environment, they will not only cause serious pollution to the atmosphere, but also pose a threat to human health after inhaling polluted gases.

　　比如，苯作为溶剂挥发到大气环境中，不仅可以被人体的皮肤所吸收，而且还可通过呼吸系统进入人体内部，造成慢性或急性中毒。 ?苯类化合物不仅会对人体的中枢神经造成一定的损害，而且还可能造成神经系统的障碍，进入人体后还会危害血液和造血器官，甚至会有出血症状或患上败血症。氧化作用下，苯在生物体内可氧化成苯酚，从而造成肝功能异常，对骨骼的生长发育十分不利，诱发再生障碍性贫血。因此，ACGIH把苯列为潜在致癌物质。卤代烃类化合物会引发神经症候群和血小板的减少、肝脾肿大等不良状况，而且很有可能致癌。

　　For example, benzene, as a solvent that evaporates into the atmosphere, can not only be absorbed by the human skin, but also enter the human body through the respiratory system, causing chronic or acute poisoning. Benzene compounds not only cause certain damage to the central nervous system of the human body, but may also cause neurological disorders. After entering the human body, they can also harm the blood and hematopoietic organs, and even cause bleeding symptoms or sepsis. Under oxidation, benzene can be oxidized to phenol in the body, causing abnormal liver function, which is very detrimental to bone growth and development, and inducing aplastic anemia. Therefore, ACGIH lists benzene as a potential carcinogen. Halogenated hydrocarbon compounds can cause neurological disorders, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and other adverse conditions, and are highly likely to cause cancer.

　　所以，必须控制VOC的排放，这不仅是对环境负责，也是对我们的生命健康负责。

　　So, it is necessary to control the emissions of VOCs, which is not only responsible for the environment, but also for our life and health.

　　VOC废气处理工艺

　　VOC waste gas treatment process

　　当前，VOC废气处理技术主要包括热破坏法、变压吸附分离与净化技术、吸附法和氧化处理方法等。

　　At present, VOC waste gas treatment technologies mainly include thermal destruction method, pressure swing adsorption separation and purification technology, adsorption method, and oxidation treatment method.

　　热破坏法

　　Thermal destruction method

　　热破坏法是指直接和辅助燃烧VOC气体，或利用合适的催化剂加快VOC的化学反应，最终达到降低有机物浓度，使其不再具有危害性的一种处理方法。

　　Thermal destruction method refers to a treatment method that directly and indirectly burns VOC gases, or uses suitable catalysts to accelerate the chemical reaction of VOCs, ultimately reducing the concentration of organic matter and making it no longer harmful.

　　热破坏法对于浓度较低的有机废气处理效果比较好，因此，在处理低浓度废气中得到了广泛应用。这种方法主要分为两种，即直接火焰燃烧和催化燃烧。直接火焰燃烧对有机废气的热处理效率相对较高，一般情况下可达到 99%。而催化燃烧指的是在催化床层的作用下，加快有机废气的化学反应速度。这种方法比直接燃烧用时更少，是高浓度、小流量有机废气净化的首选技术。

　　The thermal decomposition method has a good treatment effect on organic waste gas with low concentration, and therefore has been widely used in the treatment of low concentration waste gas. This method is mainly divided into two types, namely direct flame combustion and catalytic combustion. The heat treatment efficiency of organic waste gas by direct flame combustion is relatively high, generally reaching 99%. Catalytic combustion refers to the acceleration of the chemical reaction rate of organic waste gas under the action of a catalytic bed. This method takes less time than direct combustion and is the preferred technology for purifying high concentration, low flow organic waste gases.

　　活性炭吸附法

　　Activated carbon adsorption method

　　利用吸附剂（粒状活性炭和活性炭纤维）的多孔结构，将废气中的VOC捕获。将含VOC的有机废气通过活性炭床，其中的VOC被吸附剂吸附，废气得到净化，而排入大气。

　　Utilizing the porous structure of adsorbents (granular activated carbon and activated carbon fibers) to capture VOCs in exhaust gases. The organic waste gas containing VOCs is passed through an activated carbon bed, where the VOCs are adsorbed by adsorbents, and the waste gas is purified before being discharged into the atmosphere.

　　炭吸附法主要用于脂肪和芳香族碳氢化合物、大部分含氯溶剂、常用醇类、部分酮类和酯类等的回收。

　　Carbon adsorption method is mainly used for the recovery of fats and aromatic hydrocarbons, most chlorine containing solvents, commonly used alcohols, some ketones and esters.

　　当炭吸附达到饱和后，对饱和的炭床进行脱附再生；通入水蒸汽加热炭层，VOC被吹脱放出，并与水蒸汽形成蒸汽混合物，一起离开炭吸附床，用冷凝器冷却蒸汽混合物，使蒸汽冷凝为液体。

　　When the adsorption of carbon reaches saturation, desorb and regenerate the saturated carbon bed; Heating the carbon layer with water vapor, VOCs are blown off and released, forming a steam mixture with water vapor, leaving the carbon adsorption bed together. The steam mixture is cooled by a condenser to condense the steam into liquid.

　　对于水溶性VOC气体，用精馏将液体混合物提纯；水不溶性VOC气体，用沉析器直接回收VOC。比如，涂料中所用的“三苯”与水互不相溶，故可以直接回收。

　　For water-soluble VOC gases, purify the liquid mixture by distillation; Water insoluble VOC gas, directly recover VOC using a precipitant. For example, the "triphenyl" used in coatings is immiscible with water, so it can be directly recycled.

　　炭吸附技术主要用于废气中组分比较简单、有机物回收利用价值较高的情况，适于喷漆、印刷和粘合剂等温度不高，湿度不大，排气量较大的场合，尤其对含卤化物的净化回收更为有效。

　　Carbon adsorption technology is mainly used for situations where the components in exhaust gas are relatively simple and the value of organic matter recovery and utilization is high. It is suitable for applications such as painting, printing, and adhesives where the temperature is not high, humidity is not high, and exhaust volume is large. It is especially effective for purifying and recovering halides.

　　冷凝法

　　Condensation method

　　废气中分离出来，直接回收。但这种情况下，离开冷凝器的排放气中仍含有相当高浓度的VOC，不能满足环境排放标准。要获得高的回收率，系统需要很高的压力和很低的温度，设备费用显著地增加。

　　Separate it from the exhaust gas and recycle it directly. However, in this case, the exhaust gas leaving the condenser still contains a relatively high concentration of VOCs, which cannot meet environmental emission standards. To achieve a high recovery rate, the system requires high pressure and low temperature, resulting in a significant increase in equipment costs.

　　这种处理方法主要适用于浓度高且温度比较低的有机废气处理。

　　This treatment method is mainly suitable for the treatment of organic waste gas with high concentration and relatively low temperature.

　　通常适用于VOC含量高(百分之几)，气体量较小的有机废气的回收处理，由于大部分VOC是易燃易爆气体，受到爆炸极限的限制，气体中的VOC含量不会太高，所以要达到较高的回收率，需采用很低温度的冷凝介质或高压措施，这势必会增加设备投资和处理成本，因此，该技术一般是作为一级处理技术并与其它技术结合使用。

　　It is usually suitable for the recovery and treatment of organic waste gases with high VOC content (a few percent) and small gas volume. Due to the fact that most VOCs are flammable and explosive gases, the VOC content in the gas is limited by the explosive limit. Therefore, to achieve a high recovery rate, it is necessary to use low-temperature condensing media or high-pressure measures, which will inevitably increase equipment investment and treatment costs. Therefore, this technology is generally used as a primary treatment technology and combined with other technologies.

　　膜分离技术

　　Membrane separation technology

　　膜分离技术的基础就是使用对有机物具有选择渗透性的聚合物膜，该膜对有机蒸气较空气更易于渗透10－100倍，从而实现有机物的分离。适于高浓度、高价值的有机物回收，其设备费用较高。

　　The basis of membrane separation technology is the use of polymer membranes with selective permeability to organic matter, which are 10-100 times more permeable to organic vapors than air, thus achieving the separation of organic matter. Suitable for the recovery of high concentration and high-value organic compounds, the equipment cost is relatively high.

　　最简单的膜分离为单级膜分离系统，直接使压缩气体通过膜表面，实现VOC的分离。单级膜因分离程度很低，难以达到分离要求，而多级膜分离系统则会大大增加设备投资，故而在这方面的技术还有很大的研究空间。

　　The simplest membrane separation is a single-stage membrane separation system, which directly passes compressed gas through the membrane surface to achieve VOC separation. Single stage membranes have a low degree of separation and are difficult to meet separation requirements, while multi-stage membrane separation systems greatly increase equipment investment, so there is still a lot of research space in this area of technology.

　　变法吸附技术

　　Reformed adsorption technology

　　吸附剂在一定压力下吸附有机物；当吸附剂吸附饱和后，通过压力变换来“释放”脱附的有机物。其特点是无污染物，回收效率高，可以回收反应性有机物。但是该技术操作费用较高，吸附需要加压，脱附需要减压，环保中应用较少。

　　Adsorbents adsorb organic matter under a certain pressure; When the adsorbent is saturated with adsorption, the desorbed organic matter is "released" through pressure conversion. Its characteristics are no pollutants, high recovery efficiency, and the ability to recover reactive organic compounds. However, the operating cost of this technology is relatively high, adsorption requires pressure, desorption requires pressure reduction, and its application in environmental protection is limited.

　　热氧化法

　　Thermal oxidation method

　　通过燃烧来消除有机物的，其操作温度高达700℃－1,000℃，这样不可避免地具有高的燃料费用；为降低燃料费用，需要回收热量，有两种方式：传统的间壁式换热，新型非稳态蓄热换热技术。

　　Eliminating organic matter through combustion, with operating temperatures ranging from 700 ℃ to 1000 ℃, inevitably incurs high fuel costs; To reduce fuel costs, there are two ways to recover heat: traditional wall to wall heat exchange and new non steady state thermal storage heat exchange technology.

　　间壁式热氧化是用列管或板式间壁换热器来捕获净化排放气的热量，它可以回收40％－70％的热能，并用回收的热量来预热进入氧化系统的有机废气。预热后的废气再通过火焰来达到氧化温度，进行净化，间壁换热的缺点是热回收效率不高。

　　Inter wall thermal oxidation is a method of capturing and purifying exhaust gas using tube or plate type inter wall heat exchangers. It can recover 40% -70% of the heat energy and use the recovered heat to preheat the organic waste gas entering the oxidation system. The preheated exhaust gas is then passed through a flame to reach the oxidation temperature for purification. The disadvantage of inter wall heat exchange is that the heat recovery efficiency is not high.

　　蓄热式热氧化（简称RTO）回收热量采用一种新的非稳态热传递方式。主要原理是：有机废气和净化后的排放气交替循环，通过多次不断地改变流向，来最大限度地捕获热量，蓄热系统提供了极高的热能回收。

　　Regenerative Thermal Oxidation (RTO) uses a new non steady state heat transfer method to recover heat. The main principle is to alternate the circulation of organic waste gas and purified exhaust gas, and to capture heat to the maximum extent by continuously changing the flow direction multiple times. The thermal storage system provides extremely high heat recovery.

　　催化燃烧法

　　Catalytic combustion method

　　漆废气经阻火器进入催化净化装置，在板式热交换器内与高温尾气进行热量交换，经预热的废气进入加热室（内设有电加热管）进一步升温，达到起燃温度的废气继续进入催化床内，在贵金属Pt、Pd催化剂的作用下，使有机溶剂完全氧化分解为H2O和CO2，并释放出大量反应热，可维持催化燃烧所需的起燃温度，达到热平衡。

　　The paint exhaust gas enters the catalytic purification device through the flame arrester, and exchanges heat with the high-temperature exhaust gas in the plate heat exchanger. The preheated exhaust gas enters the heating chamber (equipped with electric heating tubes) for further heating, and the exhaust gas that reaches the ignition temperature continues to enter the catalytic bed. Under the action of precious metal Pt and Pd catalysts, the organic solvent is completely oxidized and decomposed into H2O and CO2, and a large amount of reaction heat is released, which can maintain the ignition temperature required for catalytic combustion and achieve thermal equilibrium.

　　板式热交换器将高温尾气与进口低温废气进行热量交换，部分热量得以回收，减少了预热能耗。经回收部分热量的高温尾气在引风机抽力的作用下通过排气筒达标排放。

　　Plate heat exchangers exchange heat between high-temperature exhaust gas and imported low-temperature exhaust gas, partially recovering heat and reducing preheating energy consumption. The high-temperature exhaust gas with partially recovered heat is discharged through the exhaust pipe under the suction force of the induced draft fan to meet the standard.

　　系统达到热平衡后自动关闭电加热装置，此后，催化燃烧系统就靠废气中的有机溶剂燃烧时产生的热能，在无须外加能源的基础上使催化燃烧继续进行直至结束。考虑到净化装置需要维修，在过滤阻火器前设置旁路管和旁路阀。

　　After reaching thermal equilibrium, the system automatically shuts down the electric heating device. Afterwards, the catalytic combustion system relies on the thermal energy generated by the combustion of organic solvents in the exhaust gas to continue the catalytic combustion without the need for external energy until it ends. Considering the need for maintenance of the purification device, a bypass pipe and bypass valve should be installed before filtering the flame arrester.

　　在使用有机溶剂的行业中，汽车涂装、印刷等行业，有机溶剂浓度低、风量大，若采用上述方法都将使用庞大的设备，耗用大量经费。目前对这类低浓度、大风量的有机废气，主要采用下面几种方法进行治理。

　　In industries that use organic solvents, such as automotive painting and printing, the concentration of organic solvents is low and the air volume is high. If the above methods are used, they will require large equipment and consume a lot of funds. At present, the following methods are mainly used to treat low concentration and high air volume organic waste gas.

　　蜂窝轮式浓缩系统

　　Honeycomb Wheel Concentrator System

　　该系统采用蜂窝轮，连续不断地将低浓度、大风量的排气中的有机溶剂吸附、分离；然后，再用小风量的热风脱附得到高浓度、小风量的含有机溶剂气体。浓缩后的气体再与小型的催化燃烧或活性炭回收装置组合，构成经济的处理系统。

　　The system uses honeycomb wheels to continuously adsorb and separate organic solvents from low concentration and high air volume exhaust; Then, use a small volume of hot air to desorb and obtain high concentration, low volume organic solvent gas. The concentrated gas is combined with small catalytic combustion or activated carbon recovery devices to form an economical treatment system.

　　脱附后的排气只要用吸附风量十几分之一的装置就可以进行处理了。该系统体积小，费用低，在国外已成为治理低浓度、大风量有机废气的首选方法，并得到广泛应用。

　　The exhaust gas after detachment can be treated with a device that can absorb more than one tenth of the air volume. This system has a small volume and low cost, and has become the preferred method for treating low concentration, high air volume organic waste gas abroad, and has been widely used.

　　液体吸收法

　　Liquid absorption method

　　通过有机废气与液体吸收剂接触，使其中的有机溶剂被吸收剂所吸收，再经解吸，将有机溶剂除去或回收，井使吸收剂获得再生重复利用。

　　By contacting organic waste gas with liquid absorbent, the organic solvent is absorbed by the absorbent, and then desorbed to remove or recover the organic solvent, so that the absorbent can be regenerated and reused.

　　生物法

　　Biological Law

　　生物脱臭使用微生物将有机溶剂分解。因耗能非常低，运转费也很便宜而受到人们重视，特别是在欧洲，以德国为中心进行技术开发，应用实例逐渐增多。

　　Biological deodorization uses microorganisms to decompose organic solvents. Due to its very low energy consumption and cheap operating costs, it has attracted people's attention, especially in Europe, where technology development is centered around Germany and application examples are gradually increasing.

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