关于机器人涂装线全面实施的思考
2016年全国劳动年龄人口为90747万人，占总人口的比重为65.6%。
In 2016, the working age population in China was 907.47 million, accounting for 65.6% of the total population.
这意味着，全国劳动年龄人口比上一年减少了349万人。这是中国劳动年龄人口自2012年连续五年净减少。劳动年龄人口减少并存的，是老龄化程度的持续加深。越来越多的年轻人不愿意外出打工，而是选择更加灵活的就业方式，在大众创业、万众创新的趋势影响下企业的用工问题在进一步加深。涂赢天下网记者小编带您深入了解涂装全面实现机器人时代还有多久？
This means that the working age population in the country has decreased by 3.49 million compared to the previous year. This is the net decrease in China's working age population for five consecutive years since 2012. The coexistence of a decrease in the working age population is due to the continuous deepening of aging. More and more young people are unwilling to work outside and choose more flexible employment methods. Under the influence of the trend of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, the employment problem of enterprises is further deepening. Tu Ying Tian Xia reporter Xiao Yu will take you on a deep understanding of how long it will take to fully realize the era of robots in painting?
涂装用工成本压力山大
The pressure of painting labor costs is enormous
在用工难，用工荒的大环境下，能找到工人已经是不错了，而找那些有一技之长的技术型人才更是难上加难。现在的涂装市场就是这样一个现状。前不久的一个新闻提到油漆工师傅工资赛过白领真的把小编给吓到了，小编在某招聘网上搜索了涂装工的工资发现还真是这样，普通油漆工大概4000到7000左右，而那些有技术含量的艺术涂装师傅就要去到6000到2万不等，据小编了解到涂料企业最近的生意不好做，而有涂装业务的企业更是头痛，面对如此高额的用工成本有没有一种方法可以解决呢？
In the context of difficult employment and labor shortage, it is already good to find workers, but it is even more difficult to find technical talents with unique skills. The current painting market is like this. A recent news report mentioned that the salary of paint workers is higher than that of white-collar workers, which really scared Xiaoyu. Xiaoyu searched for the salary of paint workers on a certain recruitment website and found that it is indeed like this. Ordinary paint workers are around 4000 to 7000 yuan, while those artistic paint workers with technical content have to go up to 6000 to 20000 yuan. According to Xiaoyu's understanding, paint companies have been struggling to do business recently, and companies with paint business are even more headache stricken. Is there a way to solve such high labor costs?
机器人代替人工时代来临
The era of robots replacing humans is approaching
随着用工成本上升，一些大企业掀起使用工业机器人的风潮。公开资料显示，2009年，比亚迪公司耗资数亿元引进了13台ABB喷涂机器人，可全自动完成整个车身的油漆喷涂工作，油漆膜厚误差控制在2微米以内，涂料的用量可减少30%左右。富士康今年开始减少招工，据说是因为大量使用机器人替代人工。富士康董事长郭台铭曾表示，公司将增加生产线上的机器人数量以完成简单重复的工作，2012年达30万台，2014年达100万台。此外，华为、中兴通讯、广州光宝也在使用工业机器人。
With the rise in labor costs, some large enterprises have sparked a trend of using industrial robots. According to public information, in 2009, BYD invested hundreds of millions of yuan to introduce 13 ABB spray painting robots, which can fully automate the painting process of the entire vehicle body. The paint film thickness error is controlled within 2 microns, and the amount of paint used can be reduced by about 30%. Foxconn has started to reduce recruitment this year, reportedly due to the widespread use of robots to replace manual labor. Foxconn Chairman Terry Gou has stated that the company will increase the number of robots on its production lines to complete simple and repetitive tasks, reaching 300000 in 2012 and 1 million in 2014. In addition, Huawei, ZTE, and Guangzhou Guangbao are also using industrial robots.
衡量一个国家自动化水平的基准之一是制造业的机器人密度，即每一万名产业工人中拥有的多功能机器人数量。国际机器人联合会数据显示，中国2011年的这一数字是21台，国际平均水平是55台，其中美国是135，德国是251，日本是339，韩国是347。《涂赢天下》记者小编了解到中国近两年增速非常快，从总量上看，2010年中国的装机量仅有52290台，2011年上升到74317台，从2013年至今我国已经成为全球最大的机器人市场。“这两年来，我国工业机器人处于国家政策红利、工业转型升级需求释放、人口红利减弱、市场需求增长的机遇叠加期，工业机器人市场得到了平稳快速增长。”广州机器人产业联盟副秘书长林国志在接受《经济日报》记者采访时介绍说，2016年国产工业机器人全年累计销售29144台，按可比口径计算较上年增长16.8%。考虑到前期研发企业实现投产、新企业进入等因素，实际销量比上年增长30.9%。
One of the benchmarks for measuring a country's level of automation is the robot density in the manufacturing industry, which refers to the number of multifunctional robots per 10000 industrial workers. According to data from the International Federation of Robotics, China had 21 units in 2011, while the international average was 55 units. The United States had 135 units, Germany had 251 units, Japan had 339 units, and South Korea had 347 units. Tu Ying Tian Xia "reporter Xiao Yu learned that China's growth rate has been very fast in the past two years. In terms of total volume, China's installed capacity was only 52290 units in 2010, rising to 74317 units in 2011. Since 2013, China has become the world's largest robot market. In the past two years, China's industrial robots have been in a period of overlapping opportunities, including national policy dividends, the release of industrial transformation and upgrading needs, the weakening of demographic dividends, and the growth of market demand. The industrial robot market has achieved stable and rapid growth, "Lin Guozhi, Deputy Secretary General of the Guangzhou Robot Industry Alliance, said in an interview with the Economic Daily. In 2016, a total of 29144 domestically produced industrial robots were sold, an increase of 16.8% compared to the previous year based on comparable standards. Taking into account factors such as the production of R&D enterprises in the early stage and the entry of new enterprises, actual sales increased by 30.9% compared to the previous year.
涂装机器人的普及
The popularization of painting robots
文章的前面提到比亚迪公司耗资数亿元引进了13台ABB喷涂机器人，可代替人工实现全部车身的喷涂工作。值得一提的是，机器人不仅比人工喷涂少失误，而且机器人不需要休息，企业只要在购进设备的时候多花一点成本和一些维修保养的费用，跟人工相比在用工成本这一块计算下来，确实省了一大笔费用。只要插电就能工作不知辛劳的机器人受到不少企业的亲睐。
As mentioned earlier in the article, BYD has invested hundreds of millions of yuan to introduce 13 ABB spray painting robots, which can replace manual labor to achieve the spraying of all vehicle bodies. It is worth mentioning that robots not only make fewer mistakes than manual spraying, but also do not require rest. Companies only need to spend a little more on equipment and maintenance costs when purchasing equipment. Compared with manual labor, in terms of labor costs, it does save a lot of money. Robots that work tirelessly as long as they are plugged in are favored by many companies.
涂料油漆在施工过程中多多少少都会对施工人员造成一定的影响，尤其在汽车，集装箱这些油性漆使用大户身上体现出来，所以在涂装市场里，汽车、集装箱这些涂装产业率先使用了机器人喷漆的工作，现在已经普及到几乎不需要人工的现状。近年来，家具行业也开始使用机器人喷漆设备，相比起汽车，家具行业开启全自动喷涂时代相对比较晚，也就是发生在这两年的事情，大约在2014年之后，在人力成本不断上升的压力下，加上工业4.0的持续发力，越来越多的企业进行产业转型升级，开展“机器换人”的计划。
During the construction process, paints and coatings will inevitably have an impact on workers, especially in large users of oil-based paints such as cars and containers. Therefore, in the painting market, the automotive and container industries were the first to use robot spray painting, which has now become popular to the point where it almost does not require manual labor. In recent years, the furniture industry has also begun to use robot spray painting equipment. Compared to automobiles, the furniture industry started the era of fully automatic spray painting relatively late, which happened in the past two years. Around 2014, under the pressure of rising labor costs and the continuous efforts of Industry 4.0, more and more enterprises are undergoing industrial transformation and upgrading, and carrying out plans for "machine replacement".
小编了解到，喷涂机器人可以安全、高效地完成多种喷涂作业，同等条件下，一个机器人的工作完成量相当于十个工人，可帮助企业有效规避一路高涨的用工成本，在一定程度上缓解用工的问题。同时，机器人喷涂在保护环境方面也有着积极的作用。
Xiaoyu learned that spraying robots can safely and efficiently complete various spraying operations. Under the same conditions, the amount of work completed by one robot is equivalent to ten workers, which can help enterprises effectively avoid the rising labor costs and alleviate the labor problem to a certain extent. Meanwhile, robot spraying also plays a positive role in protecting the environment.
众所周知，涂装行业是一个高耗能和高污染行业，以我国为例，每年生产的涂料数量，在涂装过程中会向大气排放数百万吨VOCs。而喷涂机器人的诞生，凭借日益完善的涂装自动化解决方案，能有效提高涂料的利用率，从而减少VOCs的排放。
As is well known, the painting industry is a high energy consuming and high polluting industry. Taking China as an example, the amount of paint produced each year will emit millions of tons of VOCs into the atmosphere during the painting process. The birth of spraying robots, with increasingly sophisticated coating automation solutions, can effectively improve the utilization rate of coatings and reduce VOCs emissions.
无人企业时代在进行
The era of unmanned enterprises is underway
马云的无人超市在杭州开业，不少市民去体验了一番，这间无人超市购物只需要进门扫码和挑选商品直接走人这两步。由于没有人工成本，无人超市的成本支出大约只有传统超市的四分之一。店主只需每天早上自己补货即可。
Jack Ma's unmanned supermarket has opened in Hangzhou, and many citizens have experienced it. Shopping in this unmanned supermarket only requires two steps: entering the door, scanning the QR code, and selecting products. Due to the absence of labor costs, the cost expenditure of unmanned supermarkets is only about a quarter of that of traditional supermarkets. The shop owner only needs to replenish the goods themselves every morning.
据悉，平均一个人可以一天管理十家这种无人超市！按照一个补货员5000一个月的工资计算，相当于平均一家店的人工成本只有500元左右。
It is reported that an average person can manage ten unmanned supermarkets in a day! Based on the monthly salary of 5000 for a restocking clerk, the average labor cost for a store is only about 500 yuan.
这对于传统超市，传统零售行业来说，将形成非常大的冲击！信息化时代，机器人普及，智能系统的普及一定程度上驱使传统企业快速更新发展，所谓无生意可做，最直接就是“赚差价”的无生意可做，我们与工厂直连，物流强大，需要买什么、买多少，工厂再生产，没有囤货，没有中间商。
This will have a significant impact on traditional supermarkets and retail industries! In the era of information technology, the popularization of robots and intelligent systems has to some extent driven traditional enterprises to rapidly update and develop. The so-called "no business to do" is most directly "no business to do" to make a profit. We are directly connected to factories, with strong logistics. What we need to buy, how much we need to buy, and factories reproduce without stockpiling or intermediaries.
所谓无工可打，未来的世界还需要人类打工吗？富士康流水线上出现大量机器人，刘强东开始用机器人送货。李彦宏已经坐无人驾驶汽车上了北京五环，马云的无人超市已经落地。所谓无缝可钻，信用时代，消灭了不公平，消灭了潜规则。区块链，让一切更公开、透明、不可篡改。你往哪里钻？
Is the future world still in need of human labor when there is no work to be done? A large number of robots have appeared on Foxconn's assembly line, and Liu Qiangdong has started using robots to deliver goods. Robin Lee has taken a driverless car to the Fifth Ring Road in Beijing, and Ma Yun's unmanned supermarket has landed. The so-called seamless and drillable era of credit has eliminated unfairness and hidden rules. Blockchain makes everything more open, transparent, and tamper proof. Where are you going to drill?
从今天开始，企业变革自己，不要指望任何人，也不能指望任何人，能救企业的，只有自己！该来的，终究还是来了！机器人用工时代不是未来，而是现在。
Starting from today, enterprises must transform themselves. Do not rely on anyone, nor can you rely on anyone. Only oneself can save the enterprise! What should have come, has finally come! The era of robot labor is not the future, but the present.
艺术涂装领域，机器人还不能代替人工
In the field of artistic painting, robots cannot replace human labor yet
小编前面提到，涂装用工市场上数艺术涂装师傅的工资最高，不少业内人士跟小编提到：“艺术涂装价钱高，高的不是涂料本身，而是人工”。艺术涂装市场这几年十分火爆，既有乳胶漆的耐擦洗、防水、防霉性能，又有比壁纸更优越的墙面效果，可以做到壁纸不能做到金属质感，其易打理和富有质感的墙面装饰效果受到不少消费者的喜爱。
Tu Ying Tian Xia reporter Xiao Yu mentioned earlier that in the painting labor market, several art painting masters have the highest salaries. Many industry insiders have told Xiao Yu that "the price of art painting is high, not because of the paint itself, but because of the labor". The art painting market has been very hot in recent years, with both the scrub resistant, waterproof, and mildew resistant properties of latex paint and superior wall effects compared to wallpaper. Wallpaper cannot achieve a metallic texture, but its easy to maintain and textured wall decoration effect is loved by many consumers.
艺术涂料作为一个新兴的产业，专业化从事施工的公司及团队并不是很多。同时，艺术涂料施工工艺是一种新兴起的装饰手法与技巧，需要公司对施工人员进行长期的培训，才能培养出一个合格的艺术涂料技师。因此，艺术涂料施工的问题，成为艺术涂料行业发展的瓶颈。艺术涂料施工，最重要的是色彩搭配和工艺的创新。产品本身可能各个品牌都大同小异，但是采用什么样的工艺搭配，什么样的色彩搭配能呈现出最好的效果，这个就需要有一定的审美理念。由此可见，成为一个艺术涂装师傅不容易，这也就是艺术涂装师傅为何工资高的原因。
As an emerging industry, there are not many specialized companies and teams engaged in the construction of art coatings. At the same time, the construction technology of artistic coatings is a newly emerging decorative technique and skill, which requires companies to provide long-term training for construction personnel in order to cultivate a qualified artistic coating technician. Therefore, the issue of artistic paint construction has become a bottleneck for the development of the artistic paint industry. The most important aspect of artistic paint construction is the innovation of color matching and craftsmanship. The product itself may be similar across different brands, but what kind of craftsmanship and color combination can present the best effect requires a certain aesthetic concept. It can be seen that becoming an art painter is not easy, which is why art painters earn high salaries.
未来这几年来说，机器人代替艺术涂装人员还不能实现，不过技术高度发展的今天，实现涂装技术机器人时代只是时间的问题。
In the next few years, it is not yet possible for robots to replace artistic painters. However, in today's highly developed technology, it is only a matter of time before the era of painting technology robots can be realized.
机器人生产的弊端
The drawbacks of robot production
前面说到的时代在发展，企业用工时代也需要发展，机器人工厂是一个大趋势的路子。一方面我国人力成本也在急剧上涨。目前以机器人为主要的自动化设备也逐渐受到工商的青睐，虽然部份企业把工厂搬到东南亚等地区去获得更便宜的劳动力，但最近越南发生反华事件把中国人的工厂砸成了灰烬，让这些企业蒙受巨大损失，另一方面东南亚国家政治不稳定，基础设施落后并非制造业投资良地，进行自动化转型升级才是最佳的途径。机器人代替人工生产能够帮助企业解决用工难的问题，大大节省在生产费用方面支出，机器化操作有效减少产品质检不合格的问题。
The era mentioned earlier is developing, and the era of enterprise employment also needs to develop. Robot factories are a major trend. On the one hand, labor costs in our country are also rapidly rising. At present, automation equipment mainly based on robots is gradually gaining favor among businesses. Although some companies have moved their factories to Southeast Asia and other regions to obtain cheaper labor, the recent anti China incident in Vietnam has turned Chinese factories into ashes, causing these companies to suffer huge losses. On the other hand, Southeast Asian countries are politically unstable and have backward infrastructure, which is not a good place for manufacturing investment. The best way is to carry out automation transformation and upgrading. Robots replacing manual production can help enterprises solve the problem of labor difficulties, greatly saving expenses in production costs. Mechanized operations effectively reduce the problem of product quality inspection failures.
虽然说机器人代替人工生产好处多多，但是机器人制造生产还是处于起步的阶段，安全性问题还有待考验。
Although robots have many benefits in replacing manual production, robot manufacturing and production are still in their infancy, and safety issues still need to be tested.
据国外媒体报道，机器人杀人事件的增加也从侧面反应了机器人生产安全性问题还有待提高。以下有这样的一项事故，Holbrook正在履行她的常规职责，此时一台机器的行为非常不规律。Holbrook在工厂的“100个区”的第六密室中，一个机器人意外被激活了，她大吃一惊。这些密室被安全门分开，机器人不应该移动。但它不知怎么地接近了Holbrook，并打算安装拖车接头组件部分。这台机器把硬件装到Holbrook的头上。她无法逃脱，头骨也被压碎了。同事们最终察觉异常，发现Holbrook死亡。机器人是按照人类编制的一系列程序驱使他运动的，在程序没有异常的情况下发生一些突发事故是不能跟人一样反应过来，机器人产业尚在起步阶段，保险起见，生产制造还是不能让机器人全部代替人工。
According to foreign media reports, the increase in robot killing incidents also reflects the need to improve the safety of robot production. There was an accident where Holbrook was performing her regular duties while a machine was behaving very irregularly. Holbrook was shocked when a robot was accidentally activated in the sixth chamber of the "100 zones" in the factory. These secret rooms are separated by security doors, and robots should not move. But it somehow approached Holbrook and planned to install trailer joint components. This machine installs hardware onto Holbrook's head. She couldn't escape and her skull was crushed. Colleagues eventually noticed the anomaly and discovered that Holbrook had died. Robots are driven to move according to a series of programs programmed by humans. In the absence of any abnormalities in the program, unexpected accidents cannot be reacted to like humans. The robotics industry is still in its infancy, and for safety reasons, production and manufacturing cannot allow robots to completely replace human labor.
我国机器人制造产业短板
Shortcomings in China's robot manufacturing industry
眼下中国制造业面临升级，如何向价值链更高的领域延伸？机器人行业有望成为引领我国制造业产业升级的排头兵。高额费用的机器人生产线使得不少企业望而却步。
At present, China's manufacturing industry is facing upgrading. How can it extend to higher areas of the value chain? The robotics industry is expected to become a pioneer in leading the upgrading of China's manufacturing industry. The high cost of robot production lines has deterred many companies.
从国内机器人产业的发展状况来看，不管是服务机器人、医疗机器人还是工业机器人，大多都较为低端，高端产品仍旧需要进口，例如某医院引进了海外的手术机器人之后，名声大噪。但是要知道这样的荣誉、成就来源于海外机器人产业的发展，对于国内机器人生产、制造、销售并没有太大意义。
From the development status of the domestic robotics industry, whether it is service robots, medical robots, or industrial robots, most of them are relatively low-end, and high-end products still need to be imported. For example, after a hospital introduced overseas surgical robots, its reputation became famous. However, it should be noted that such honors and achievements come from the development of the overseas robotics industry, and have little significance for domestic robot production, manufacturing, and sales.
与海外发达国家相比，我国机器人产业仍旧较为落后。虽然国内从事机器人相关产品与服务研发的企业有3000多家，但是这些企业不少都是从事非核心零部件的生产代工，并没有太高的技术含量。而且，从事征集制造的机器人企业，国内更是屈指可数，那些真正拥有自主产权的，更是凤毛麟角。总体来看，我国机器人产业仍旧需要质的提升。
Compared with developed countries overseas, China's robot industry is still relatively backward. Although there are over 3000 domestic enterprises engaged in the research and development of robot related products and services, many of these enterprises are engaged in the production and outsourcing of non core components, and do not have a high level of technological content. Moreover, there are only a few robot companies engaged in solicitation and manufacturing in China, and those who truly have independent property rights are even rarer. Overall, China's robotics industry still needs a qualitative improvement.
不过，国内机器人产业参与者也不必气馁，随着我国汽车工业、家电、3C制造业、食品饮料、医药化工等实体产业的市场规模不断扩大，机器换人仍旧是刚需。而且这些下游产业如今面临着智能制造的趋势，以此机器人企业需要大力完善自身技术水平，来把握这一市场机遇。
However, domestic participants in the robotics industry need not be discouraged. With the continuous expansion of the market size of physical industries such as the automotive industry, home appliances, 3C manufacturing, food and beverage, and pharmaceutical and chemical industries in China, the replacement of robots with humans is still a necessity. And these downstream industries are now facing the trend of intelligent manufacturing, so robot companies need to vigorously improve their own technological level to seize this market opportunity.
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